Argumentative Text

What is an argument text?

An argument text is a text where the writer is either ‘for’ or ‘against’ an issue or subject, or presents the case for both sides.

Argumentative text (essay) is a paragraph text that explains and convinces the reader about the pros (agree) and cons (disagree), which is often called an argumentative paragraph. The topic to be discussed must be controversial for the public and actual news that exists in today's society.

Argumentative has a generic structure, namely:

• It has a topic sentence (has a topic sentence)
• It has supporting sentences for pros and supporting sentences for cons. Further both of these are called arguments (have supporting sentences for pros and supporting sentences for cons. Both are called arguments)
• It has to use deductive or inductive reasoning, cause and effect. And argument by authority (having deductive or inductive reasons, cause and effect , and authority arguments)

In addition to the generic structure, argumentative also has language forms, namely:

• Using various tenses (multiple tenses): present, past, future
• Using verbs: believe, object, argue
• Using capital; can, will, would, should, etc
• Using adverbs: due to, because, etc
• Using question words : why, how, what, etc

How to write an argument text :

• Introductions are often used to start
• Formal language is used
• Sophisticated connectives help with formal tone
• Paragraphs used to break up ideas
• Writers opinions and views supported by facts
• Aim is to persuade the reader to consider and potentially agree with writer

Example 1

Science and Religion

The communist ideology believes that science does not need religion. Their followers have claimed that religion is drugs or toxin, and toxin in fact make the users drunken or unaware or fly. Thus, there is no need to have religion in this life. They can live happily in balance and in harmony without any religion beside science. They call those who need religion beside science as stupid or old fashioned. Whereby, they call themselves as modern or up to date. 

The opponents to this belief, however think vice versa. Science needs a religion to make it balance. They believe that science without a religion is blind. While religion also needs science. They believe that religion without science is lame. Thus, science and religion are catalysators for mankind to live on the track or in harmony. They called those who do not religion beside science as crazy or insane people. 

In short, both sides have their own arguments to promote their belief and each of whom blame to one another for creating this world imbalance, war, and global crisis.

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Example 2

The biggest problem facing Indonesia today is waste because it is no longer controlled. There is plastic, which is one of the many obstacles that have a big impact on Indonesia. There needs to be an effective step that can reduce the amount of plastic waste.

Uncontrolled waste causes many disasters such as floods, people still litter. Therefore, there needs to be education about waste and how to dispose of waste properly so as not to make mistakes. The government also needs to give strict sanctions if there are people who litter.

Example 3

The human body is no different from the environment around it. The body must be cared for and maintained. If not, the body will be susceptible to various diseases. Just like in maintaining the environment around us. We must actually care for and maintain the environment, so that the environment is not easily damaged.

If the surrounding environment is neglected or even damaged, then the environment will endanger humans themselves. Therefore, we must care for the surrounding environment as we care for our own bodies. This is what is meant by preserving the environment. A healthy and well-maintained environment reflects ourselves who live around it.

Example 4

Indonesian Education Challenges

Even though Indonesia has the largest archipelago and numerous ethnic groups, there are still areas that are difficult to reach by modern advances and lack an adequate education system. For example, in Papua, which is the easternmost island of Indonesia, educational facilities are still limited due to challenging transportation access and a lack of adequate teaching staff. 

This fact can be seen in the number of state elementary schools in Papua Province, which only reaches around 1,627 schools. This figure does not even reach half of the number of elementary schools in DKI Jakarta, which reaches 2,951 schools. This significant education gap indicates that Papua Province is still far behind compared to big cities in Indonesia.

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Macam-macam kecerdasan anak

 “Multiple intelligence adalah teori kecerdasan manusia yang dibedakan menjadi delapan modalitas. Beberapa di antaranya kecerdasan visual, kecerdasan verbal, kecerdasan logis dan kecerdasan jasmani.”

Multiple intelligence (kecerdasan ganda) pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh psikolog Harvard Howard Gardner pada 1983. Ia mengemukakan bahwa  kecerdasan manusia dibedakan menjadi delapan jenis.

Hasil penemuan tersebut berasal dari banyaknya penelitian yang ia lakukan. Hasilnya, tes IQ bukan menjadi satu-satunya indikator kecerdasan pada anak. Multiple intelligence mempercayai bahwa orang bisa belajar dalam berbagai cara. 

Pertama, kecerdasan dinilai dari proses anak dalam menyelesaikan masalah. Kedua, cara menemukan persoalan baru dan mencari solusi. Terakhir, menghasilkan sesuatu yang bernilai dari masalah yang dihadapi.

Delapan Jenis Multiple Intelligence Anak

1. Kecerdasan Spasial (Visual)

Kecerdasan spasial berkaitan dengan kemampuan menangkap warna, arah dan ruang secara akurat. Anak yang memiliki bakat di bidang ini berpotensi menjadi arsitek, artis dan insinyur karena lihai dalam:

• Membaca dan menulis berdasarkan kesenangan.
• Pandai menyusun teka-teki.
• Menafsirkan gambar, grafik dan bagan.
• Menyukai seni lukis.
• Mampu mengenali pola dengan mudah.

2. Kecerdasan Linguistik (Verbal)

Kecerdasan linguistik adalah kemampuan untuk menyusun pikiran dengan jelas dan dapat menerjemahkan dalam bahasa yang lugas. Anak dengan karakteristik ini pandai menulis cerita, menghafal informasi, dan membaca.

Anak dengan jenis kecerdasan ini cocok menjadi penulis, wartawan, pengacara dan guru karena ahli dalam:

• Mengingat informasi tertulis dan lisan.
• Berdebat atau memberikan pidato persuasif.
• Mampu menjelaskan sesuatu dengan baik.
• Menyelipkan humor ketika bercerita.

3. Kecerdasan Logis (Matematika)

Kecerdasan logis dapat diartikan sebagai kemampuan nalar yang tinggi. Anak dengan jenis kecerdasan ini dapat menganalisis masalah secara logis. Mereka berpikir secara konseptual tentang angka, hubungan dan pola.

Anak yang memiliki bakat di bidang ini berpotensi menjadi ilmuwan, ahli matematika, programmer, insinyur dan akuntan karena lihai dalam:

• Keterampilan memecahkan masalah.
• Menemukan solusi dari ide-ide abstrak.
• Senang melakukan eksperimen ilmiah.
• Mampu menyelesaikan perhitungan yang rumit.

4. Kecerdasan Kinestetik (Jasmani)

Kecerdasan kinestetik adalah kemampuan menggerakkan anggota tubuh sesuai dengan keinginan otak. Anak dengan kemampuan di bidang ini memiliki koordinasi gerak fisik, mata dan kontrol motorik yang baik.

Anak yang memiliki bakat di bidang ini berpotensi menjadi penari, pembangun, pematung dan aktor karena lihai dalam:

• Keterampilan yang membutuhkan olah fisik.
• Dapat menciptakan karya dengan tangannya.
• Memiliki koordinasi fisik yang sangat baik
• Mampu mengingat gerakan dengan baik..

5. Kecerdasan Musik

Kecerdasan musik adalah kemampuan untuk menikmati, mengamati, membedakan, mengarang, membentuk dan mengekspresikan musik. Kecerdasan ini meliputi kepekaan terhadap melodi, ritme dan nada dari musik yang didengar.

Anak dengan jenis kecerdasan ini cocok menjadi pemusik, komposer, penyanyi, guru musik dan konduktor karena ahli dalam:

• Bernyanyi dan bermain alat musik.
• Mengenali pola dan nada dengan mudah.
• Mengingat dengan jelas tentang lagu dan melodi.

6. Kecerdasan Interpersonal

Kecerdasan interpersonal adalah kemampuan dalam berkomunikasi, peka terhadap emosi orang lain, mudah menyesuaikan diri, memiliki rasa empati yang tinggi dan suka menolong orang lain.

Anak yang memiliki bakat di bidang ini berpotensi menjadi psikolog, filsuf, konselor, pramuniaga dan politikus karena lihai dalam:

• Berkomunikasi dengan baik secara verbal.
• Terampil dalam komunikasi secara nonverbal.
• Mampu melihat situasi dari perspektif yang berbeda.
• Ciptakan hubungan positif dengan orang lain.
• Menyelesaikan konflik secara damai.

7. Kecerdasan Intrapersonal

Anak yang memiliki kecerdasan intrapersonal pandai menyadari emosi, perasaan, dan motivasi diri sendiri. Kecerdasan ini dapat membantu merefleksikan dan mengevaluasi diri, serta bisa menerapkannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.

Anak dengan jenis kecerdasan ini cocok menjadi filsuf, penulis, ahli teori dan ilmuwan. Alasannya, mereka ahli dalam menganalisis kelebihan dan kekurangan diri sendiri dengan baik.

8. Kecerdasan Naturalistik

Ini menjadi teori terbaru dari Gardner. Menurutnya, anak dengan jenis kecerdasan naturalistik bisa lebih selaras dengan alam dan seisinya. Mereka sangat peka dan menyadari perubahan yang terjadi di lingkungannya.

Anak yang memiliki bakat di bidang ini berpotensi menjadi ahli biologi dan konservasionis karena tertarik dalam bidang:

• Botani (tumbuh-tumbuhan).
• Biologi (karakteristik tentang makhluk hidup).
• Zoologi (ilmu tentang hewan).

Itulah penjelasan mengenai multiple intelligence dan delapan karakteristik yang dikemukakan oleh Harvard Howard Gardner. Bakat ini sudah ada sejak anak dilahirkan dan dibentuk melalui pola asuh dari orang tua.

Referensi:

Simply Psychology. Diakses pada 2022. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences.

Very Well Mind. Diakses pada 2022. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences.

Source : https://www.halodoc.com

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Jenis-jenis membaca

Terdapat berbagai jenis-jenis membaca yang dilakukan berdasarkan tujuan yang berbeda-beda. Mulai dari membaca skimming, scanning, membaca intensif, hingga membaca ekstensif. Beberapa jenis membaca ini dilakukan dengan teknik berbeda yang memudahkan Anda untuk mencapai tujuan yang diinginkan.

Ini merupakan dasar kemampuan yang perlu Anda ketahui. Dengan mengetahui berbagai jenis-jenis membaca dan tekniknya, Anda bisa menyesuaikan kebutuhan. Seperti ketika Anda memerlukan informasi atau petunjuk dengan cepat, Anda bisa menggunakan teknik membaca tertentu yang memudahkan Anda mendapatkan informasi dengan cepat dan efisien.

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Narrative Text

What is Narrative Text ?

Narrative text is a type of text that tells a story. It can be a true story or a fictional story. Narrative text usually has a beginning, a middle, and an end. The beginning introduces the characters, setting, and the conflict. The middle is where the conflict is developed and the characters try to solve the problem. The end is where the conflict is resolved and the story is finished.

Generic Structure of Narrative Text

Narrative text has 3 generic structures:

a) Orientation

This is the introduction of the story. It introduces the characters, setting, and 

the conflict.

b) Complication

This is the main part of the story. It is where the conflict is developed and the 

characters try to solve the problem.

c) Resolution

This is the end of the story. It is where the conflict is resolved and the story is 

finished.

Language Features of Narrative Text

Narrative text usually uses past tense verbs. It also uses action verbs to describe the events in the story. Narrative text also uses linking words and phrases to connect the events in the story.

Examples of Narrative Text

There are many examples of narrative text. Some common examples are:

• Fairy tales
• Folktales
• Legends
• Myths
• Short stories
• Novels

Conclusion

Narrative text is a type of text that tells a story. It can be a true story or a fictional story. Narrative text usually has a beginning, a middle, and an end. It uses past tense verbs, action verbs, and linking words and phrases.

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Cinderella

Once upon a time, there was a beautiful girl named Cinderella. She lived with her wicked stepmother and two stepsisters. They treated Cinderella very badly. One day, they were invited for a grand ball in the king’s palace. But Cinderella’s stepmother would not let her go. Cinderella was made to sew new party gowns for her stepmother and stepsisters, and curl their hair. They then went to the ball, leaving Cinderella alone at home.

Cinderella felt very sad and began to cry. Suddenly, a fairy godmother appeared and said, “Don’t cry, Cinderella! I will send you to the ball!” But Cinderella was sad. She said, “I don’t have a gown to wear for the ball!” The fairy godmother waved her magic wand and changed Cinderella’s old clothes into a beautiful new gown! The fairy godmother then touched Cinderella’s feet with the magic wand. And lo! She had beautiful glass slippers! “How will I go to the grand ball?” asked Cinderella. The fairy godmother found six mice playing near a pumpkin, in the kitchen. She touched them with her magic wand and the mice became four shiny black horses and two coachmen and the pumpkin turned into a golden coach. Cinderella was overjoyed and set off for the ball in the coach drawn by the six black horses. Before leaving. the fairy godmother said, “Cinderella, this magic will only last until midnight! You must reach home by then!”

When Cinderella entered the palace, everybody was struck by her beauty. Nobody, not even Cinderella’s stepmother or stepsisters, knew who she really was in her pretty clothes and shoes. The handsome prince also saw her and fell in love with Cinderella. He went to her and asked, “Do you want to dance?” And Cinderella said, “Yes!” The prince danced with her all night and nobody recognized the beautiful dancer. Cinderella was so happy dancing with the prince that she almost forgot what the fairy godmother had said. At the last moment, Cinderella remembered her fairy godmother’s words and she rushed to go home. “Oh! I must go!” she cried and ran out of the palace. One of her glass slippers came off but Cinderella did not turn back for it. She reached home just as the clock struck twelve. Her coach turned back into a pumpkin, the horses into mice and her fine ball gown into rags. Her stepmother and stepsisters reached home shortly after that. They were talking about the beautiful lady who had been dancing with the prince.

The prince had fallen in love with Cinderella and wanted to find out who the beautiful girl was, but he did not even know her name. He found the glass slipper that had come off Cinderella’s foot as she ran home. The prince said, “I will find her. The lady whose foot fits this slipper will be the one I marry!” The next day, the prince and his servants took the glass slipper and went to all the houses in the kingdom. They wanted to find the lady whose feet would fit in the slipper. All the women in the kingdom tried the slipper but it would not fit any of them. Cinderella’s stepsisters also tried on the little glass slipper. They tried to squeeze their feet and push hard into the slipper, but the servant was afraid the slipper would break. Cinderella’s stepmother would not let her try the slipper on, but the prince saw her and said, “Let her also try on the slipper!” The slipper fit her perfectly. The prince recognized her from the ball. He married Cinderella and together they lived happily ever after.

 

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The Legend of Malin Kundang

A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in West Sumatra, a woman and her son lived. They were Malin Kundang and her mother. Her mother was a single parent because Malin Kundang's father had passed away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang had to live hard with his mother. Malin Kundang was a healthy, dilligent, and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sold the caught fish in the town.

One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant's ship which was being raided by a small band of pirates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and power, Malin Kundang defeated the pirates. The merchant was so happy and thanked to him. In return the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To get a better life, Malin Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone.

Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy. He had a huge ship and was helped by many ship crews loading trading goods. Perfectly he had a beautiful wife too. When he was sailing his trading journey, his ship landed on a beach near a small village. The villagers recognized him. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”.

An old woman ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin Kundang’s mother. She wanted to hug him, released her sadness of being lonely after so long time. Unfortunately, when the mother came, Malin Kundang who was in front of his well dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that old lonely woman. For three times her mother begged Malin Kundang and for three times he yelled at her. At last Malin Kundang said to her "Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly woman!" After that he ordered his crews to set sail. He would leave the old mother again but in that time she was full of both sadness and angriness. Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn't apologize. Malin Kundang just laughed and really set sail. In the quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge ship was wrecked and it was too late for Malin Kundang to apologize. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell on a small island. It was really too late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly, he turned into a stone.

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Adjective order

Do you use a lot of adjectives to describe things?
If you do, then you need to make sure it is in the right order.
Which one is correct:
· A) There are five big dogs.
· B) There are big five dogs.

The order of the adjectives is:
1. Quantity/number
2. Quality (such as “good” or “bad”)
3. Size
4. Shape
5. Age
6. Color
7. Nationality
8. Material

If you have an opinion, you can put it first, since it is the most important piece of information !

Adjective words:
· Quantity/number: one, two, three, four, five
· Quality (such as “good” or “bad”): best, good, standard, bad, terrible
· Size: small, big, tiny, tall, short
· Shape: straight, round, square, oval, flat
· Age: old, young, new, ancient, youthful
· Color: red, blue, green, pink, black
· Nationality: American, Japanese, Taiwanese, Canadian, Spanish
· Material: wooden, plastic, glass, brass, metal

More examples :
· The two small young white cats walked across the street.
· The short Japanese man was waiting for the bus.
· The best British wool sweaters are sold here.
· My mom bought me a beautiful, long, new, sleek, burgundy, Irish, woolen scarf.

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Past Continuous Tense

The past continuous tense is used to describe actions or events that were happening at a specific moment in the past. It emphasizes the continuity of the action, indicating that it was ongoing at that time.

Structure:

• Subject + was/were + verb(-ing)

Rules:

1. Use of "was" or "were":
• Was is used with singular subjects (I, he, she, it).
• Were is used with plural subjects (we, you, they) and also with you (singular).

Examples:

1. Affirmative Sentences:
• I was reading a book when the phone rang.
• They were playing football at 4 PM yesterday.
• She was cooking dinner while I was watching TV.
2. Negative Sentences:
• I was not sleeping when you called.
• We were not talking during the meeting.
• He wasn't working on his project last night.
3. Interrogative Sentences (Questions):
• Was she studying at 10 PM last night?
• Were they playing outside when it started to rain?
• Was I doing the right thing by leaving early?

Uses of Past Continuous Tense:

1. Action in Progress at a Specific Time in the Past:
• At 8 PM last night, I was watching a movie.
• What were you doing at this time yesterday?
2. Two Simultaneous Actions in the Past:
• I was cooking dinner while she was setting the table.
• The kids were playing while we were cleaning the house.
3. Interrupted Actions:
• I was reading a book when the lights went out.
• They were having dinner when the doorbell rang.
4. Background Description in Stories:
• It was raining heavily, and the wind was howling outside.
• The crowd was cheering, and the players were celebrating their victory.

More Examples:

• She was waiting for the bus when it started raining.
• They were discussing the project while the manager was preparing the presentation.
• The dog was barking loudly when I entered the room.

 Key Points to Remember:

• The past continuous tense emphasizes the ongoing nature of an action.
• It is often used with "when" to describe an action that was interrupted.
• It can describe two or more actions happening at the same time in the past.

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